1. Product Structure and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bound core-shell design.
The steel core, normally low-carbon or stainless-steel, supplies mechanical toughness with tensile toughness surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper covering– typically 2– 10% of the complete diameter– imparts outstanding electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is crafted via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to ensure solid attachment and very little interdiffusion under operational tensions.
Electroplating is one of the most common approach, providing exact density control and consistent protection on constant steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate baths.
Correct surface area pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes certain ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination throughout succeeding handling or solution.
In time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can develop breakable iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might endanger flexibility and long-term reliability– an obstacle mitigated by diffusion barriers or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Useful Feature
CCSFs integrate the most effective features of both basic steels: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), depending on layer density and pureness, making CCSF dramatically more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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